Что такое Non-Defining Relative Clauses?
Это неопределяющие придаточные предложения, которые дают дополнительную, необязательную информацию о человеке или предмете. Эту информацию можно убрать, и основное предложение останется понятным.
Всегда выделяются запятыми (или одной запятой, если в конце):
My brother, who lives in Paris, is a doctor.London, which is the capital of the UK, is very crowded.Информацию в запятых можно убрать:
My brother is a doctor.London is very crowded.
НИКОГДА не используется THAT:
✅ My car, which is red, is very fast.❌ My car, that is red, is very fast.✅ Mr. Smith, who teaches math, is very strict.❌ Mr. Smith, that teaches math, is very strict.Только:
WHO - для людей
WHICH - для предметов и животных
WHOSE - для принадлежности
WHERE - для мест
WHEN - для времени
My mother, who is 65, still works.Shakespeare, who wrote Hamlet, was English.The President, who was elected last year, gave a speech.В объектном падеже: WHOM (формально) или WHO (неформально):
Mr. Johnson, whom I respect greatly, is retiring.This book, which I bought yesterday, is excellent.The Eiffel Tower, which was built in 1889, is in Paris.My dog, which is a Labrador, loves to swim.Для целых предложений или ситуаций:
He was late, which made everyone angry.Mrs. Brown, whose son is a famous actor, lives next door.The company, whose CEO resigned yesterday, is in trouble.My friend, whose car was stolen, called the police.Для людей, животных, предметов и организаций.
We visited Rome, where the Colosseum is located.I'll never forget 2001, when I graduated from university.The hotel, where we stayed last summer, was excellent.Christmas Day, when families get together, is my favorite holiday.Необходимая информация
Без запятых
The man who lives next door is a doctor.The book that I'm reading is interesting.Можно использовать THAT
Информацию нельзя убрать
Дополнительная информация
С запятыми
My brother, who lives next door, is a doctor.War and Peace, which I'm reading, is interesting.НЕЛЬЗЯ использовать THAT
Информацию можно убрать
Всегда non-defining, так как имена уже определяют лицо:
Paris, which is the capital of France, is beautiful.Shakespeare, whose plays are famous worldwide, was born in 1564.Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, was a genius.Невозможно сказать: "Какой Париж? Тот, который столица" - Париж только один.
Предметы, которые существуют в одном экземпляре:
The sun, which is a star, gives us light and heat.The Earth, where we live, rotates around the sun.The Internet, which was invented in the 20th century, changed the world.Также: the moon, the sky, the universe, the world (если имеется в виду планета)
В non-defining clauses местоимение НИКОГДА не опускается:
✅ My brother, who lives in Paris, is a doctor.❌ My brother, lives in Paris, is a doctor.✅ This book, which I bought yesterday, is excellent.❌ This book, I bought yesterday, is excellent.✅ The hotel, where we stayed, was expensive.❌ The hotel, we stayed, was expensive.В defining clauses иногда можно, в non-defining - никогда!
Придаточное может иметь свое время, независимое от главного:
My father, who worked as a teacher for 40 years, is now retired.The building, which was built in 1900, will be renovated next year.She, who has never been abroad, is planning a trip to Italy.
Non-Defining Clauses ВСЕГДА с запятыми:
• В начале: My brother, who lives in Paris, is a doctor.
• В середине: две запятые
• В конце: одна запятая I met John, who is my old friend.
• Если убрать текст между запятыми, предложение остается грамматически правильным!